To introduce students to the cultural and archaeological background to ancient Egyptian funerary practices and the methods by which they have been studied by Egyptologists.

• Have knowledge of the broad outlines of the development of funerary practice in Egypt
• Have understanding of the way in which funerary practices fitted into society
• Have understanding of the reasons why changes took place in funerary practice over time

20 lectures; 2 seminars

Teaching will mostly be by means of lectures.  These lectures make full use of images so that students are taught to recognise key features of funerary monuments and artefact

Teaching is both chronological and thematic, so that students are given an understanding of how particular aspects of funerary belief and custom developed over time.

An optional museum visit, accompanied by the lecturer is normally included in the course.  This is an opportunity for those who wish to do so to experience artefacts at first hand.

Intellectual Skills:

Ability to critically assess written and archaeological sources

Ability to prepare a well argued essay supported by adequate references

Discipline Specific (including practical) Skills:

Ability to recognise and correctly assign funerary monuments and artefacts

Transferable Skills:

Ability to research a topic individually

Ability to prepare a well-argued piece of work supported by adequate references/examples.

Word processed essay .  40%

1 exam 50%

1 class test based on slides 10%

Study skills for Egyptian Funerary Archaeology

The Egyptian view of death in its social context

Origins of mummification

Development of mummification

Development of tombs

Concepts of the Afterlife

Funerary Texts

Coffins and Sarcophagi

Tomb furnishings

Sacred Animal Cemeteries

Optional Museum Visit

All students will need a copy of one of the following books:

Dodson, A. and Ikram, S. (2008) The Tomb in Ancient Egypt. London: Thames and Hudson.

Ikram, S. (2003) Death and Burial in Ancient Egypt. London: Longman 

Ikram, S. and Dodson, A. (1998) The Mummy in Ancient Egypt.  London: Thames and Hudson.

Spencer, A.J. (1982) Death in Ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Taylor, J. H. (2001) Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Press.

General Reference (consider buying):

You may also find the following useful for general reference, particularly if you did not take the Egyptian course last year.  Both are available in paperback at around £15.00

Baines, J. and Malek, J. (1984) The Atlas of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Andromeda.

Shaw, I. and Nicholson, P.T. (2008) The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum Publications. (Note: this is the new edition).

The library has a run of The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology with indices, and this is a source of much useful, if specific, information.

Antiquityand Archaeology also carry useful summary articles.

As a background to Egyptologists and their work:

Dawson, W.R. (revised by M. Bierbrier)  (1995) Who Was Who In Egyptology. London: E.E.S.

Standard Reference:

Helck, W., and Otto, E. (Eds.)  Lexikon der Ägyptologie (Published in 7 volumes) Harrassowitz:  Wiesbaden, Germany.  Contrary to its title large parts of this muti-volume dictionary are in English or French.  It is a very important book.

The several volumes of:

Porter, B. (Various) Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. Oxford: Griffith Institute.      Is very useful though rather specialised. It can provide references to all kinds of literature relevant to personalities and subjects on ancient Egypt.

The Cambridge Ancient Historyhas useful historical articles.

The library has many volumes, most published by the EEF/EES, dealing with the excavation of specific sites and these too can be a useful source of general information although not specifically cited here.

CD

Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten(2001) Egyptological Bibliography 1822 - 1997 : a guide to 60,000 books and articles on Ancient Egypt and Egyptology.  Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten  CD-ROM Z3652.N3

Web Sites

There are lots of websites purporting to deal with Egyptian material. USE THEM WITH GREAT CAUTION, many of them are not very good.  Those listed below are reliable and can be used with confidence, but do not rely on web sites.  Most of the best Egyptological material is still to be found in printed books or journals.

The School has bought access to the Annual Egyptological Bibliography which is very useful.  It can be accessed from the front of the computer room at:

http://oeb.griffith.ox.ac.uk/

The Amarna Trust:

Has a website from which their publication Horizon may be downloaded.  This includes details of the recent findings at the South Tombs Cemetery. http://www.amarnatrust.com/

The International Association of Egyptologists: http://www.iae-egyptology.org/

Digital Egypt: www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/

The UCLA On-line Encyclopedia of Egyptology has articles on many topics. It is peer reviewed and papers can be printed in PDF format.  It is available at: http://escholarship.org/uc/nelc_uee

The Griffith Institute, Oxford: http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/

The Egyptian Ministry of Tourism: http://www.touregypt.net/

For Egyptology in general try: http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/egypt

“Hor”, an online publication dealing with the Book of Amduat and the passage of the Sun god, by Peter Preston (I have no idea how good or reliable this is, try it and see!). http://www.onlineoriginals.com.horsa.html

General Books - History/Chronology

Aldred, C. (1965) Egyptto the End of the Old Kingdom. London: Thames and Hudson. 

Bowman, A.K. (1986) EgyptAfter the Pharaohs. London: British Museum.

Clayton, P. A. (1994) Chronicle of the Pharaohs. London: Thames and Hudson/Rubicon

David R. and David, A.E. (1992)A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. London: Seaby.

el-Mahdy, C. (early editions published as Hobson, C.) (1987) The World Of The Pharaohs. London: Thames and Hudson.

Emery, W.B. (1961) Archaic Egypt. Harmondsworth: Pelican.

Gardiner, A. (1961) EgyptOf The Pharaohs. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Helck, W., and Otto, E. (Eds.)  Lexikon der Ägyptologie (Published in 7 volumes) Harrassowitz:  Wiesbaden, Germany.  (Reference section of the library, some articles in English but alphabetised in German).

James, T.G.H. (1985) Pharaoh's People. Oxford: O.U.P.

Kemp, B.J. (1989) Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization. London: Routledge.

Kemp, B.J. (2012) The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People. London: Thames and Hudson.

Manley, B. (1996) The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Murnane, W.J. (1983) The Penguin Guide To Ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Murray, M.A. (1954) The Splendour That Was Egypt. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.

Redford, D.B. (2001) The Oxford Encylopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: OUP (This is in the reference section of the library).

Romer, J. (1982) Romer's Egypt. London: Michael Joseph.

Romer, J. (1984) Ancient Lives.  London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.

Seton-Williams, V. and Stocks, P. (1983) The Blue Guide To Egypt. London: Benn.

Shaw, I. (Ed.) (2000) The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt.  Oxford: O.U.P.

Spencer, A.J. (1993) Early Egypt.  London: British Museum.

Strouhal, E. (1992)  Life in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge: C.U.P.

Trigger, B.G., Kemp, B.J., O'Connor, D. and Lloyd, A.B. (1983) Ancient Egypt: A Social History. Cambridge: C.U.P.

Funerary Practices:

Adams, B. (1984) Egyptian Mummies. Aylesbury: Shire.

Andrews, C. (1984) Egyptian Mummies. London: British Museum.

Badawi, A. (1964) The stellar destiny of Pharaoh and the so-called air-shafts of Cheops’ pyramid.  Mitteilungen der deutschen Akademie, Berlin 10 (Heft 2/3), 189-206.

Bauval, R. and Gilbert, A. (1994) The Orion Mystery. London: Heinemann. (This is controversial - for use in seminar discussion, see also Davies, below).

Bierbrier, M.L. (1997) Portraits and Masks.  London: British Museum.

Budge, Sir E.A.W. (1987) The Mummy, a Handbook of Egyptian Funerary Archaeology. London: KPI (Reprint of 2nd edition of 1925, dated but useful).

Budge, Sir E.A.W. (1967) The Egyptian Book of the Dead.  New York: Dover (Reprint of the 1895 edition, dated - use Faulkner if possible).

Campbell, S. and Green, A. (1995?) The Archaeology of Death In The Ancient Near East. Oxford: Oxbow.

Carter, H. (1972) The Tomb of Tutankhamun. London: Sphere.

Cockburn, A. and Cockburn, E. (1980) Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures.  Cambridge: CUP.

Cottrell, L. (1956)  The Mountains of Pharaoh.  London: Robert Hale.

D’Auria, S., Lacovara, P. and Roehrig, C.H. (1988) Mummies and Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt.  Boston: Boston Museum of Fine Arts.  (This contains numerous very useful summary essays on mummification, funerary architecture etc.).

David, R. (Ed.) (1978) Mysteries of the Mummies.  London.

David, A. R. (1986) Science in Egyptology.  Manchester: Manchester University Press.

David, A.R. (1997) The Manchester Museum Mummy Project. Manchester: University of Manchester.

David, R. and Tapp, E. (Eds.) (1992) The Mummy’s Tale. London: Michael O’Mara.

Davies, G.H. (1994) Secrets of the Gods.  Radio Times 15-11 Feb. 1994, 24-27.  (On work by Bauval and Gilbert - for seminar).

Davies, Norman de Garis (reprint 1973) The Tomb of Rekh-mi-Re At Thebes. Arno.

Desroches-Noblecourt, C. (1965) Tutankhamen. Harmondsworth: Penguin.  (Frequently and cheaply available in many secondhand dealers).

Dodson, A. (1991) Egyptian Rock-cut Tombs.  Aylesbury: Shire.

Dunand, F. and Lichtenberg, R. (1994) Mummies: A Journey Into Eternity. London: Thames and Hudson.

Edwards, I.E.S. (1947 latest 1993) The Pyramids of Egypt. Harmondsworth: Penguin (Continually revised and reprinted). (Frequently and cheaply available in many secondhand dealers though get a late edition if possible).

El-Mahdy, C. (1991) Mummies, Myth and Magic.  London.

Faulkner, R.O. (1985) The Egyptian Book of the Dead.  London: BMP

Faulkner, R.O. (1986) The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.

Faulkner, R.O. (1978) The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts. (3 vols.).  Warminster: Aris and Phillips.

Grinsell, L.V. (1975) Barrow, Pyramid and Tomb.  London: Thames and Hudson.

Hoffman, M.A. (1980) EgyptBefore the Pharaohs. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Hornung,  E. (1990) The Valley of the Kings. New York: Timken.

Ikram, S. (2003) Death and Burial in Ancient Egypt.  London: Longman.

Ikram, S. and Dodson, A. (1998) The Mummy In Ancient Egypt.  London: Thames and Hudson.  (A very useful and up-to-date survey of mummification).

Kemp, B.J. (2006) Tell el-Amarna, 2005-6.  Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 94, 21-56.

Kemp, B.J. (2007) Tell el-Amarna, 2006-7..  Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 93, 1-63.

Kemp, B.J. (2007) How to Read the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Cambridge: Granta.

Kemp, B.J. (2008) Tell el-Amarna, 2007-8.  Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 94, 1-67.

Lehner, M. (1997) The Complete Pyramids.  London: Thames and Hudson.

Lilyquist, C. (1995) Egyptian Stone Vessels: Khian Through Tuthmosis IV. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Manchester Museum Mummy Project (1979) Multidisciplinary Research on Ancient Egyptian Mummies. Manchester: Manchester Museum.

Manniche, L. (1987)City of the Dead: Thebes In Egypt. London: BMP.

Martin, G.T. (1974) The Royal Tomb at El-Amarna. Pt.I The Objects. London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Martin, G.T. (1979) The Tomb of Hetepka And Other Reliefs from the Sacred Animal Necropolis, North Saqqara.  London: EES.

Martin, G.T. (1986) The Royal Tomb at El-Amarna. Pt.II Reliefs, Inscriptions and Architecture.  London: Egypt Exploration Society.

Martin, G.T. (1991)  The Hidden Tombs of Memphis. London: Thames and Hudson.

Montserrat, D. (1996) “Your name will reach the Hall of the Western Mountains”: some aspects of mummy portrait inscriptions.  In D.M. Bailey (Ed.) Archaeological Research in Roman Egypt.  London: Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 19, 177-185.

O’Connor, D. (2009) Abydos: Egypt’s First Pharaohs and the Cult of Osiris. London: Thames and Hudson.

Parlasca, K. (1996) Mumienporträts: Neue Funde und Erkenntnisse. In D.M. Bailey (Ed.) Archaeological Research in Roman Egypt.  London: Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplement 19, 186-191.

Partridge, R. B. (1994) Faces of the Pharaohs: Royal Mummies and Coffins from Ancient Thebes.  London: Rubicon.

Quirke, S. (Ed.) (1997) The Temple In Ancient Egypt.  London: BMP

Reeves, C.N. (1990) The Complete Tutankhamun. London: Thames and Hudson.

Reeves, C.N. (1990) Valley of the Kings.  London: Kegan Paul International.

Reeves, C.N. and Wilkinson, R.H. (1996) The Complete Valley of the Kings. London: Thames and Hudson.

Robins, G. (1986) Egyptian Painting and Relief.  Aylesbury: Shire.

Romer, J. (1981) Valley of the Kings.  London: Michael Joseph.

Romer J. (2007) The Great Pyramid.  Cambridge: CUP.

Saleh, M. and Sourouzian, H. (1987) Official Catalogue of the Egyptian Museum Cairo.  Mainz: von Zabern/Organisation of Egyptian Antiquities.

Smith, W.S. (1981) The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth: Pelican (2nd Edition, revised by W.K. Simpson).

Spencer, A.J. (1982) Death in Ancient Egypt. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Stewart, H.M. (1995) Egyptian Shabtis.  Aylesbury: Shire.

Taylor, J.H.  (1989) Egyptian Coffins. Aylesbury: Shire.

Taylor, J.H. (2001) Death and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt. London: B.M.P.

Taylor, J.H. (2010) Journey Through the Afterlife: Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. London: B.M.P.

Tooley,  A.M.J. (1995) Egyptian Models and Scenes. Aylesbury: Shire.

Ucko, P.J. (1969) Ethnography and archaeological interpretation of funerary remains.  World Archaeology 1, 262-277.

Walker, S. and Bierbrier, M. (1997) Ancient Faces.  London: BMP

Watson, P. (1987) Egyptian Pyramids and Mastaba Tombs. Aylesbury: Shire.

Sacred Animal Necropolis At North Saqqara

A large number of items are listed here as this topic touches on many aspects of the course, and because it might provide suitable material for 'case-study' essays.

**      Those items asterisked should be in the main library photocopy collection.

Bacon, E. (1967) The quest for Imhotep. The Illustrated London News 25-3-1967, 30.

Bacon, E. (1967) Saqqara: the clues mount up in the quest for Imhotep. The Illustrated London News 29-7-1967, 23-25.

Bacon, E. (1967) Saqqara: the evidence of the treasure of Imhotep. The Illustrated London News 5-8-1967, 25-27.

Emery, W.B. (1965) The search for Imhotep in Sakkara. The Illustrated London News 6-3-1965, 20-23.

Emery, W.B. (1965) Preliminary report on the excavations at North Saqqâra 1964-5. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 51, 3-8.

Emery, W.B. (1966) Preliminary report on the excavations at North Saqqâra 1965-6. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 52, 3-8.

Emery, W.B. (1967) Preliminary report on the excavations at North Saqqâra 1966-7. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 53, 141-145.

Emery, W.B. (1969) Preliminary report on the excavations at North Saqqâra 1968. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 55, 31-35.

Emery, W.B. (1970) Preliminary report on the excavations at North Saqqâra 1968-9. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 56, 5-10.

Emery, W.B. (1971) Preliminary report on the excavations at North Saqqâra 1969-70. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 57, 3-13.

Green, C.I. (1987) The Temple Furniture from the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara 1964-1976. London: EES

Hastings, E.A. (1997) The Sculpture from the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqara.  London: E.E.S.

**Martin, G.T. (1973) Excavations in the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqâra, 1971-2: preliminary report. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 59, 5-15.

**Martin, G.T. (1974) Excavations in the Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqâra, 1972-3: preliminary report. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 60, 15-29.

**Nicholson, P.T.  (1994) Preliminary report on work at the Sacred Animal Necropolis, North Saqqâra, 1992.  Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 80, 1-10.

**Nicholson, P.T.  (1994)  Archeology beneath Saqqâra.  Egyptian  Archaeology 4, 7-8.

**Nicholson, P.T. (1994) Report On Work At The Sacred Animal Necropolis, North Saqqara, December 1994-January 1995. Unpublished report to E.E.S.

**Nicholson, P.T. (1995) The Sacred Animal Necropolis at North Saqqâra. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 81, 6-9.

Ray, J.D. (1976) The Archive of Hor. London: EES

**Smith, H.S. (1974) A Visit To Ancient Egypt. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.

**Smith, H.S. (1976) Preliminary report on excavations in the Sacred Animal Necropolis, season 1974-1975. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 62, 14-17.

**Smith, H.S. and Jeffreys, D.G. (1977) The Sacred Animal Necropolis, North Saqqâra; 1975/6. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 63, 20-28.

Religion And Magic:

Andrews, C.. (1994) Amulets of Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum.

Frankfort, H. (1961) Ancient Egyptian Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hornung, E. (1992) Idea Into Image: Essays on Ancient Egyptian Thought.  New York: Timken.

Lloyd, A. (Ed.) (1992)Studies In Pharaonic Religion and Society.  London: EES.

Malek, J. (1993) The Cat in Ancient Egypt.  London: British Museum.

Pinch, G. (1994)  Magic In Ancient Egypt. London: British Museum.

Quirke, S. (1992) Ancient Egyptian Religion.  London: British Museum. 

Snape, S. (1996)  Egyptian Temples.  Aylesbury: Shire.

Thomas, A.P. (1986) Egyptian Gods and Myths. Aylesbury: Shire.